What causes water hammer in steam systems?

Water hammer in steam systems is primarily caused by slugs of condensate. As steam travels through the piping, it can condense into water in cooler areas of the piping system. If this condensate accumulates and forms slugs, they can travel along the piping and collide with the steam flow or other condensate. This sudden impact generates a shock wave, resulting in a banging or hammering noise within the pipes, which is what is referred to as water hammer.

The phenomenon occurs because the energy and momentum of the moving steam is suddenly interrupted by the slug of condensate, creating a surge of pressure that can lead to mechanical stress on the pipe system. Proper drainage of condensate and ensuring that steam is maintained at appropriate temperatures can help mitigate this issue in steam systems. Understanding the role of condensate in creating water hammer helps steamfitters design and maintain systems more effectively to minimize occurrences of this problem.