How can air entry into a system negatively affect boiler operation?

Air entry into a boiler system can lead to pump cavitation and reduced efficiency, which are critical issues for maintaining optimal boiler operation. When air infiltrates the system, it can cause the pump to operate inefficiently. Pump cavitation occurs when there are vapor bubbles in the pump which collapse violently, leading to physical damage to the pump and a reduction in its performance. This condition can hinder the circulation of water within the boiler, resulting in inadequate heating and potentially leading to overheating and damaging the boiler components.

Additionally, when air is present in the system, it occupies space that should be filled with water or steam, which reduces the overall efficiency of thermal transfer within the boiler. Inadequate circulation can result in hot spots and lower operational effectiveness. Hence, it's crucial to maintain an air-free environment in boiler systems to ensure optimal performance and longevity of the equipment.